RV is an employee of Vitalant. better prepared for future epidemics/pandemics and to evaluate potential benefits of CP treatment, only CP units with high neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) titers should be infused in patients with low NAb titers, patient eligibility criteria should be based on the disease pathophysiology, and measured clinical outcomes and methods should be comparable across studies. Even if CovCP infusions did not improve clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19, NAb-containing CP infusions remain a safe, widely available and potentially beneficial treatment option for future epidemics/pandemics. = 0.0442) (significant survival benefit in CovCP group)= 0.031) (reduction in hospital stay in CovCP group; median of 17 days for SoC and 13 days for CovCP group) 0.05.= 0.034)= 0.03807), characterized by less severe symptoms and faster recovery (= 0.00001); pulmonary BX-795 infiltrates resolved significantly faster (= 0.02480) and a shorter oxygen therapy was required (= 0.02355) in CovCP recipients compared with controlsneutralization activity induced by vaccination was lower against some variants, but that vaccinated individuals retained neutralization capability against most emerging variants [94]. Another study has shown that antibody responses to the first dose of mRNA vaccines (BNT162b2/Pfizer; mRNA-1273/Moderna) in individuals with pre-existing immunity from infection were equal to and frequently exceeded the titers found in na?ve individuals after their second dose [95]. Thus, the collection of CovCP from vaccinated individuals who have recovered from primary infection is an area of interest [96]. Storage of plasma collected after vaccination could play a role in case of emergence of a more aggressive variant or during the existing vaccination gap in some countries and can be helpful to be better prepared for a next wave of infections. A second lesson learned is that early understanding of disease pathophysiology is necessary to identify target populations optimally benefiting from any treatment, including NAb-containing CP infusions. Previous studies have suggested with a low LoE that CP infusions might be beneficial in critically-ill patients affected by some respiratory viruses, such as SARS or MERS [13,[73], [74], [75], [76], [77]]. For other viral infections whose life-threatening effects are not the direct result of viral cellular damage, such as BX-795 COVID-19, CP infusions do BX-795 not seem effective in critically-ill patients but might improve clinical outcome in specific GP9 subpopulations. For COVID-19, additional studies are needed to determine whether CovCP infusions may be beneficial at early disease stages in immunocompromised patients. These observations highlight the importance of the early characterization of the disease pathophysiology to determine the optimal timing and schedule of CP infusions and to design narrow clinical trials in targeted subpopulations. Since the disease pathophysiology is always unknown during the first months of new epidemics/pandemics, safe and broadly available approaches, such as CP infusions, remain valuable treatment options during the emerging phase. CP treatment may stop infections and should not be restricted to critically-ill patients but should be used at earlier disease stages for all patients or specific subpopulations of vulnerable patients in future pandemics/epidemics. A third lesson learned is that there is a need for increased rigor and consistency in terms of treatment protocols and testing methodologies in studies evaluating the use of CP. At the onset of a pandemic,.